![]() Conventional grid reinforcement have specific locations in the composite structure and should thus be modelled explicitly and separately from the concrete. Fibre reinforcement may be assumed roughly evenly distributed and can then be accounted for in the constitutive relation. When reinforcement is introduced to increase the tensile capacity, this assumption is either abandoned or kept depending on the type of reinforcement used. This study is of the latter kind, where a special emphasis is put on the effect of conventional steel reinforcement.Ī common and reasonable assumption in many studies modelling concrete, is to treat the concrete as a homogeneous solid rather than the porous composite material it actually is. The former investigate depth of penetration into massive concrete structures, while the latter examine perforation of concrete slabs. Ballistic impact studies on concrete are usually separated into studies on semi-infinite slabs and slabs with a finite thickness. Studies like these typically involve experimental works, analytical and/or empirical formulations, numerical studies, or any combination of these. Thus, numerous studies on concrete targets subjected to impact loading can be found in the open literature. In either case, it is vital to understand how a complex composite material like concrete behaves when subjected to extreme and potentially devastating loads like explosions or ballistic impact. Owing to its high compressive strength, durability and abundance, concrete is used for almost any type of structure – ranging from critical infrastructure to military fortifications. Of all materials, only water exceeds the consumption of concrete. The primary objective of the study was thus to validate a rather simple constitutive relation intended for large scale numerical simulations of concrete structures exposed to ballistic impact loading, while a secondary objective was to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the ballistic perforation resistance of concrete slabs both experimentally and numerically since the literature is somewhat inconsistent on this matter.Ĭoncrete is by far the most used construction material in the world. Finite element models in LS-DYNA reproduced the projectile residual velocity in good agreement with the experimental results. The mechanical properties of the concrete were found using standardised tests and two-dimensional digital image correlation, and the constitutive relation was described by a modified version of the Holmquist-Johnson-Cook model. Ballistic impact tests were performed in a compressed gas gun facility. Concrete with nominal unconfined compressive strength of 75 MPa was used to cast material test specimens and slabs. Two different reinforcement configurations were used to investigate the effect of rebar diameter and spacing. In this study, the ballistic perforation resistance of 100 mm thick plain and reinforced concrete slabs impacted by 20 mm ogive-nose steel projectiles was investigated both experimentally and numerically. To be fair: I mainly only use the rifle for the huge spiders and alpha spitters so ammo lasts me longer.Reinforced concrete is a material frequently used in protective structures and infrastructure exposed to extreme loading. Come back and you have a huge batch of ammo or mask/suit refills. I just drop in on hand ingredients, set it to beacons, walk away and do something else, put those beacons in an input container, drop in powder, pipes, and rubber from storage, make ammo, and go do something else while its working. As far as automation I just make the ammo in batches along with gas mask/hazmat refills in a manufacturer I have at my base connected to industrial containers for input and output. The issue is beacons, but not necessarily because they are hard to make, but because it makes no sense. Black powder for nobelisk because you need that to blow up boulders to get to slugs and the odd resource deposits. Rubber, pipes, and black powder you should have in storage already because those are all everyday useful. It's fun to use though Making it isn't hard. It's better to buy them at the awesome shop (and still.) Someone made a post about it and you need like 3 or 4 manufacturers ?!! And handcrafting them well. Originally posted by Grandaddypurple:Yea the rifle cartridge is a pain to automate.
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